Acute kidney injury is a frequent occurrence in patients with heart disease, and is associated
with higher risk of adverse outcomes, including mortality. In the setting of decompensated
heart failure, acute kidney injury can occur from hemodynamic and neurohormonal
activation, venous congestion, and nephrotoxic medications. Certain medications, such as
loop diuretics, renin angiotensin system blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists can
seemingly cause acute kidney injury. However, this increase in creatinine level is not always …