Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of peptides that are encoded by
small open reading frames within other known genes of the mitochondrial genome. MDPs
have a wide variety of biological effects such as protecting neurons from apoptosis,
improving metabolic markers, and protecting cells from chemotherapy. Humanin was the first
MDP to be discovered and is the most studied peptide among the MDP family. The
membrane receptors and downstream signaling pathways of humanin have been carefully …