African Americans have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) levels compared with
whites. African Americans also have a higher risk of developing albuminuria and end-stage
renal disease but a lower risk of death once they commence hemodialysis compared with
whites. Vitamin D levels have been associated with multiple outcomes including
albuminuria, progression to end-stage renal disease, and all-cause and cardiovascular
mortality. In this review, we examine the evidence linking 25 (OH) D to outcomes and the …